Exchanges that pass the same evidence standard as the coins: a US headquarters, a US registration and a US founding, plus a US license shown in official records.
Coinbase
USCC Verified through 2027-03-17USCC Verified through 2027-03-17
Coinbase is a crypto exchange founded in 2012 by Brian Armstrong and Fred Ehrsam; its US exchange is operated by Coinbase, Inc., a Delaware corporation, under Coinbase Global, Inc., which is listed on Nasdaq as COIN and converted to a Texas corporation in December 2025. Coinbase describes itself as remote-first and says it does not maintain a headquarters; its SEC filings give One Madison Avenue, New York as the principal executive office address. The SEC dismissed its 2023 enforcement action against Coinbase in February 2025.
The SEC's June 2023 civil enforcement action against Coinbase, Inc. and Coinbase Global, Inc. was dismissed by joint stipulation filed February 27, 2025.1 source· 1 primary›
CoinZoom is a crypto exchange, payments app and Visa debit card operated by CoinZoom, Inc., a Delaware corporation based in Salt Lake City, Utah, founded in 2018 by its CEO Todd Crosland. State regulators have acted against it: Ohio suspended its money transmitter license in 2024, and in February 2026 Washington required it to surrender its license there and pay a $150,000 fine after finding it had not kept the required net worth.
Headquartered in the United States
CoinZoom, Inc. is headquartered in Salt Lake City, UT.
Ohio's Division of Financial Institutions suspended CoinZoom's Ohio money transmitter license in July 2024 and ordered in November 2024 that it remain suspended, finding the company's books and records too incomplete to determine its financial condition.1 source· 1 primary›
A February 9, 2026 consent order with Washington's Department of Financial Institutions requires CoinZoom to surrender its Washington money transmitter license, bars it from the state's money transmitter industry for three years and imposes a $150,000 fine ($50,000 stayed). The underlying charges said it had not maintained the required tangible net worth in 2022-2024 and had not timely reported orders from Ohio, Texas and North Carolina. CoinZoom did not admit wrongdoing.2 sources· 2 primary›
Figure Markets is the crypto trading and lending brand of Figure Technology Solutions, Inc., a Nevada corporation listed on Nasdaq (FIGR) with its legal headquarters in Reno, Nevada. US crypto trading is provided by the subsidiary Figure Payments Corporation, a licensed money transmitter, with settlement on the Provenance blockchain. Figure was co-founded in 2018 by Mike Cagney, now executive chairman, and June Ou, who sits on the board.
Headquartered in the United States
Figure Payments Corporation is headquartered in Reno, NV.
Gemini is a crypto exchange operated by Gemini Trust Company, LLC, a New York limited purpose trust company, and owned by Gemini Space Station, Inc., which trades on Nasdaq as GEMI. Tyler and Cameron Winklevoss co-founded it in 2014 and serve as CEO and President. The SEC dismissed its Gemini Earn case in January 2026, and a New York Attorney General suit over Gemini's prediction markets was pending as of August 2026.
Headquartered in the United States
Gemini Trust Company, LLC is headquartered in New York, NY.
The SEC's January 2023 case over the Gemini Earn lending program was dismissed with prejudice on January 23, 2026, without any payment by Gemini Trust Company.2 sources· 2 primary›
Gemini Trust Company paid a $5 million civil penalty under a January 2025 CFTC consent order over statements made to CFTC staff. On May 27, 2026 the CFTC joined Gemini in a motion to vacate the order's prospective provisions; the penalty is not being returned.1 source· 1 primary›
Under a February 28, 2024 NYDFS consent order tied mainly to the Earn program, Gemini Trust Company paid a $37 million civil penalty and contributed $40 million to Earn users' recovery.1 source· 1 primary›
On April 21, 2026 the New York Attorney General sued Gemini Titan, LLC, alleging its prediction markets are unlicensed gambling. Gemini removed the case to federal court in the SDNY, and the Attorney General moved to remand it; the case was pending as of August 2026.2 sources· 2 primary›
A putative securities class action over Gemini's IPO disclosures was filed against Gemini Space Station, Inc. in the SDNY on March 18, 2026, followed by two shareholder derivative suits in Nevada state court; all were at a preliminary stage as of August 2026.1 source· 1 primary›
Kraken is a crypto exchange founded in 2011 by Jesse Powell, Thanh Luu and Michael Gronager, owned by Payward, Inc., a Delaware corporation. US clients contract with Payward Interactive, Inc., a Florida corporation that Kraken's terms place at a Cheyenne, Wyoming address. The SEC dismissed its 2023 enforcement action against Kraken with prejudice in March 2025.
Headquartered in the United States
Payward Interactive, Inc. is headquartered in Cheyenne, WY.
Kraken publishes proof-of-reserves reviews performed by an independent third-party accountant using a Merkle tree of client balances; the latest snapshot shown is dated June 30, 2026.1 source›
The SEC's November 2023 civil enforcement action against Payward, Inc. and Payward Ventures, Inc. (Kraken) was dismissed with prejudice by joint stipulation filed March 27, 2025.1 source· 1 primary›
Robinhood Crypto, LLC is the Delaware subsidiary through which Robinhood Markets, Inc. (Nasdaq: HOOD) of Menlo Park, California offers crypto trading in the US. It is registered with FinCEN and holds state money transmitter licenses. The SEC closed its investigation of Robinhood Crypto in February 2025 without recommending action, and Robinhood Markets acquired the Bitstamp exchange in June 2025.
Headquartered in the United States
Robinhood Crypto, LLC is headquartered in Menlo Park, CA.
After a Wells Notice to Robinhood Crypto in the second quarter of 2024, the SEC Division of Enforcement closed its investigation on February 21, 2025 without recommending an enforcement action.1 source· 1 primary›
Robinhood Crypto paid a $3.9 million penalty in a settlement with the California Attorney General, announced September 4, 2024, over crypto withdrawals blocked from 2018 to 2022 and incomplete disclosures about order handling.1 source· 1 primary›
Uphold began as Bitreserve, started in 2013 by Halsey Minor and JP Thieriot, and took the Uphold name in 2015. US customers contract with Uphold HQ Inc., a South Carolina corporation licensed as a money transmitter, whose ultimate parent is Uphold Ltd., registered in the Bahamas. In April 2026 Uphold agreed to pay more than $5 million to settle a New York Attorney General investigation into its promotion of Cred's CredEarn product.
Uphold's transparency page states the platform is always 100%+ reserved and that it publishes assets and liabilities in real time; the reserve breakdown requires logging in, and the page links no third-party attestation.1 source›
In April 2026 Uphold HQ Inc. entered an Assurance of Discontinuance with the New York Attorney General over its promotion of Cred's CredEarn product, agreeing to pay more than $5 million to harmed investors.2 sources· 2 primary›
In September 2019 the Connecticut Department of Banking fined Uphold HQ Inc. $10,000 by consent order for money transmission in Connecticut without a license from April 2016 to April 2018.1 source· 1 primary›
In December 2019 Maine's Bureau of Consumer Credit Protection entered a consented cease and desist order and a $1,000 fine after Uphold disclosed unlicensed money transmission from Maine between May 2018 and May 2019.1 source· 1 primary›
Bitstamp USA · Fails T2: neither founder was a US person at founding. Nejc Kodrič and Damijan Merlak are Slovenian nationals who started the exchange in Slovenia in 2011. Bitstamp USA, Inc. meets T1, T4 and L on primary documents, and its parent, Robinhood Markets, is a Delaware corporation.